In the Monod model, growth rate increases linearly with resource concentration below a threshold concentration, and then saturates at high concentrations of the resource. The most widely-used quantitative model of the relationship between growth rate and resource concentration is attributed to Jacques Monod. A significant literature discusses how natural populations can be classified as oligotrophs or copiotrophs, that differ, among other things, in their growth rate response to nutrient concentration. These resources vary in abundance or concentration across time and environments, which typically elicit differences in growth rates. Microbial populations rely on a wide range of resources, including chemical nutrients such as sugars and metals, as well as space, light, and prey. Altogether our results demonstrate the critical role of population dynamics in shaping fundamental ecological traits. In particular, this explains how organisms in nutrient-rich environments can still evolve facultative growth at low resource concentrations. Our model not only provides testable predictions for laboratory evolution experiments, but it also reveals how an evolved resource threshold may not reflect the organism’s environment. We find that this effect fundamentally differs depending on the type of population dynamics: populations undergoing periodic bottlenecks of fixed size will adapt their thresholds in proportion to the environmental resource concentration, but populations undergoing periodic dilutions of fixed size will evolve thresholds that are largely decoupled from the environmental concentration. To explain this variation, we develop an evolutionary model to show that demographic fluctuations (genetic drift) can constrain the adaptation of resource thresholds. We find that the thresholds vary across orders of magnitude, even for the same organism and resource. In particular, does resource scarcity drive populations to evolve commensurately lower thresholds? To address this question, we perform the largest-to-date meta-analysis of resource threshold data across a wide range of organisms and resources, substantially expanding previous surveys. Even though this concept is a core element of microbiological and ecological modeling, there is little empirical and theoretical evidence for the evolved diversity of these thresholds. Models of this dependence, such as the well-known Monod model, are characterized by a threshold concentration (or affinity) of the resource, above which the population can grow near its maximum rate. If you’re a novice designer or work for a small company, then Affinity Publisher is your choice.How the growth rate of a microbial population depends on the availability of chemical nutrients and other resources in the environment is a fundamental question in microbiology.
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